Enzymes
UniProtKB help_outline | 1 proteins |
Enzyme class help_outline |
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- Name help_outline (2E,6E,10E)-geranylgeranyl diphosphate Identifier CHEBI:58756 (Beilstein: 3574726) help_outline Charge -3 Formula C20H33O7P2 InChIKeyhelp_outline OINNEUNVOZHBOX-QIRCYJPOSA-K SMILEShelp_outline CC(C)=CCC\C(C)=C\CC\C(C)=C\CC\C(C)=C\COP([O-])(=O)OP([O-])([O-])=O 2D coordinates Mol file for the small molecule Search links Involved in 55 reaction(s) Find molecules that contain or resemble this structure Find proteins in UniProtKB for this molecule
- Name help_outline H+ Identifier CHEBI:15378 Charge 1 Formula H InChIKeyhelp_outline GPRLSGONYQIRFK-UHFFFAOYSA-N SMILEShelp_outline [H+] 2D coordinates Mol file for the small molecule Search links Involved in 9,176 reaction(s) Find molecules that contain or resemble this structure Find proteins in UniProtKB for this molecule
- Name help_outline NADPH Identifier CHEBI:57783 (Beilstein: 10411862) help_outline Charge -4 Formula C21H26N7O17P3 InChIKeyhelp_outline ACFIXJIJDZMPPO-NNYOXOHSSA-J SMILEShelp_outline NC(=O)C1=CN(C=CC1)[C@@H]1O[C@H](COP([O-])(=O)OP([O-])(=O)OC[C@H]2O[C@H]([C@H](OP([O-])([O-])=O)[C@@H]2O)n2cnc3c(N)ncnc23)[C@@H](O)[C@H]1O 2D coordinates Mol file for the small molecule Search links Involved in 1,247 reaction(s) Find molecules that contain or resemble this structure Find proteins in UniProtKB for this molecule
- Name help_outline all-trans-lycopaoctaene Identifier CHEBI:142538 (CAS: 502-62-5) help_outline Charge 0 Formula C40H66 InChIKeyhelp_outline BGVXBZXEFXMRGJ-DPOFWPLISA-N SMILEShelp_outline C(\CC/C=C(/CCC=C(C)C)\C)(=C/CC/C(=C/CC/C=C(/CC/C=C(/CC/C=C(/CCC=C(C)C)\C)\C)\C)/C)/C 2D coordinates Mol file for the small molecule Search links Involved in 4 reaction(s) Find molecules that contain or resemble this structure Find proteins in UniProtKB for this molecule
- Name help_outline diphosphate Identifier CHEBI:33019 (Beilstein: 185088) help_outline Charge -3 Formula HO7P2 InChIKeyhelp_outline XPPKVPWEQAFLFU-UHFFFAOYSA-K SMILEShelp_outline OP([O-])(=O)OP([O-])([O-])=O 2D coordinates Mol file for the small molecule Search links Involved in 1,085 reaction(s) Find molecules that contain or resemble this structure Find proteins in UniProtKB for this molecule
- Name help_outline NADP+ Identifier CHEBI:58349 Charge -3 Formula C21H25N7O17P3 InChIKeyhelp_outline XJLXINKUBYWONI-NNYOXOHSSA-K SMILEShelp_outline NC(=O)c1ccc[n+](c1)[C@@H]1O[C@H](COP([O-])(=O)OP([O-])(=O)OC[C@H]2O[C@H]([C@H](OP([O-])([O-])=O)[C@@H]2O)n2cnc3c(N)ncnc23)[C@@H](O)[C@H]1O 2D coordinates Mol file for the small molecule Search links Involved in 1,253 reaction(s) Find molecules that contain or resemble this structure Find proteins in UniProtKB for this molecule
Cross-references
RHEA:58176 | RHEA:58177 | RHEA:58178 | RHEA:58179 | |
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Reaction direction help_outline | undefined | left-to-right | right-to-left | bidirectional |
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MetaCyc help_outline |
Publications
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Tetraterpene synthase substrate and product specificity in the green microalga Botryococcus braunii race L.
Thapa H.R., Tang S., Sacchettini J.C., Devarenne T.P.
Recently, the biosynthetic pathway for lycopadiene, a C<sub>40</sub> tetraterpenoid hydrocarbon, was deciphered from the L race of Botryococcus braunii, an alga that produces hydrocarbon oils capable of being converted into combustible fuels. The lycopadiene pathway is initiated by the squalene sy ... >> More
Recently, the biosynthetic pathway for lycopadiene, a C<sub>40</sub> tetraterpenoid hydrocarbon, was deciphered from the L race of Botryococcus braunii, an alga that produces hydrocarbon oils capable of being converted into combustible fuels. The lycopadiene pathway is initiated by the squalene synthase (SS)-like enzyme lycopaoctaene synthase (LOS), which catalyzes the head-to-head condensation of two C<sub>20</sub> geranylgeranyl diphosphate (GGPP) molecules to produce C<sub>40</sub> lycopaoctaene. LOS shows unusual substrate promiscuity for SS or SS-like enzymes by utilizing C<sub>15</sub> farnesyl diphosphate (FPP) and C<sub>20</sub> phytyl diphosphate in addition to GGPP as substrates. These three substrates can be combined by LOS individually or in combinations to produce six different hydrocarbons of C<sub>30</sub>, C<sub>35</sub>, and C<sub>40</sub> chain lengths. To understand LOS substrate and product specificity, rational mutagenesis experiments were conducted based on sequence alignment with several SS proteins as well as a structural comparison with the human SS (HSS) crystal structure. Characterization of the LOS mutants in vitro identified Ser276 and Ala288 in the LOS active site as key amino acids responsible for controlling substrate binding, and thus the promiscuity of this enzyme. Mutating these residues to those found in HSS largely converted LOS from lycopaoctaene production to C<sub>30</sub> squalene production. Furthermore, these studies were confirmed in vivo by expressing LOS in E. coli cells metabolically engineered to produce high FPP and GGPP levels. These studies also offer insights into tetraterpene hydrocarbon metabolism in B. braunii and provide a foundation for engineering LOS for robust production of specific hydrocarbons of a desired chain length. << Less
ACS Chem. Biol. 12:2408-2416(2017) [PubMed] [EuropePMC]
This publication is cited by 2 other entries.
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A squalene synthase-like enzyme initiates production of tetraterpenoid hydrocarbons in Botryococcus braunii Race L.
Thapa H.R., Naik M.T., Okada S., Takada K., Molnar I., Xu Y., Devarenne T.P.
The green microalga Botryococcus braunii is considered a promising biofuel feedstock producer due to its prodigious accumulation of hydrocarbon oils that can be converted into fuels. B. braunii Race L produces the C40 tetraterpenoid hydrocarbon lycopadiene via an uncharacterized biosynthetic pathw ... >> More
The green microalga Botryococcus braunii is considered a promising biofuel feedstock producer due to its prodigious accumulation of hydrocarbon oils that can be converted into fuels. B. braunii Race L produces the C40 tetraterpenoid hydrocarbon lycopadiene via an uncharacterized biosynthetic pathway. Structural similarities suggest this pathway follows a biosynthetic mechanism analogous to that of C30 squalene. Confirming this hypothesis, the current study identifies C20 geranylgeranyl diphosphate (GGPP) as a precursor for lycopaoctaene biosynthesis, the first committed intermediate in the production of lycopadiene. Two squalene synthase (SS)-like complementary DNAs are identified in race L with one encoding a true SS and the other encoding an enzyme with lycopaoctaene synthase (LOS) activity. Interestingly, LOS uses alternative C15 and C20 prenyl diphosphate substrates to produce combinatorial hybrid hydrocarbons, but almost exclusively uses GGPP in vivo. This discovery highlights how SS enzyme diversification results in the production of specialized tetraterpenoid oils in race L of B. braunii. << Less
Nat. Commun. 7:11198-11198(2016) [PubMed] [EuropePMC]
This publication is cited by 4 other entries.
Comments
Multi-step reaction: RHEA:22296 + RHEA:58180