Enzymes
| UniProtKB help_outline | 3,198 proteins |
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Reaction participants Show >> << Hide
- Name help_outline choline Identifier CHEBI:15354 (Beilstein: 1736748; CAS: 62-49-7) help_outline Charge 1 Formula C5H14NO InChIKeyhelp_outline OEYIOHPDSNJKLS-UHFFFAOYSA-N SMILEShelp_outline C[N+](C)(C)CCO 2D coordinates Mol file for the small molecule Search links Involved in 56 reaction(s) Find molecules that contain or resemble this structure Find proteins in UniProtKB for this molecule
- Name help_outline H+ Identifier CHEBI:15378 Charge 1 Formula H InChIKeyhelp_outline GPRLSGONYQIRFK-UHFFFAOYSA-N SMILEShelp_outline [H+] 2D coordinates Mol file for the small molecule Search links Involved in 9,176 reaction(s) Find molecules that contain or resemble this structure Find proteins in UniProtKB for this molecule
- Name help_outline O2 Identifier CHEBI:15379 (CAS: 7782-44-7) help_outline Charge 0 Formula O2 InChIKeyhelp_outline MYMOFIZGZYHOMD-UHFFFAOYSA-N SMILEShelp_outline O=O 2D coordinates Mol file for the small molecule Search links Involved in 2,648 reaction(s) Find molecules that contain or resemble this structure Find proteins in UniProtKB for this molecule
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Namehelp_outline
reduced [2Fe-2S]-[ferredoxin]
Identifier
RHEA-COMP:10001
Reactive part
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- Name help_outline [2Fe-2S]1+ Identifier CHEBI:33738 Charge 1 Formula Fe2S2 InChIKeyhelp_outline MAGIRAZQQVQNKP-UHFFFAOYSA-N SMILEShelp_outline S1[Fe]S[Fe+]1 2D coordinates Mol file for the small molecule Search links Involved in 236 reaction(s) Find molecules that contain or resemble this structure Find proteins in UniProtKB for this molecule
- Name help_outline betaine aldehyde hydrate Identifier CHEBI:15870 Charge 1 Formula C5H14NO2 InChIKeyhelp_outline HEHORKLRCFPRON-UHFFFAOYSA-N SMILEShelp_outline C[N+](C)(C)CC(O)O 2D coordinates Mol file for the small molecule Search links Involved in 1 reaction(s) Find molecules that contain or resemble this structure Find proteins in UniProtKB for this molecule
- Name help_outline H2O Identifier CHEBI:15377 (Beilstein: 3587155; CAS: 7732-18-5) help_outline Charge 0 Formula H2O InChIKeyhelp_outline XLYOFNOQVPJJNP-UHFFFAOYSA-N SMILEShelp_outline [H]O[H] 2D coordinates Mol file for the small molecule Search links Involved in 6,048 reaction(s) Find molecules that contain or resemble this structure Find proteins in UniProtKB for this molecule
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Namehelp_outline
oxidized [2Fe-2S]-[ferredoxin]
Identifier
RHEA-COMP:10000
Reactive part
help_outline
- Name help_outline [2Fe-2S]2+ Identifier CHEBI:33737 Charge 2 Formula Fe2S2 InChIKeyhelp_outline XSOVBBGAMBLACL-UHFFFAOYSA-N SMILEShelp_outline S1[Fe+]S[Fe+]1 2D coordinates Mol file for the small molecule Search links Involved in 236 reaction(s) Find molecules that contain or resemble this structure Find proteins in UniProtKB for this molecule
Cross-references
| RHEA:17769 | RHEA:17770 | RHEA:17771 | RHEA:17772 | |
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| Reaction direction help_outline | undefined | left-to-right | right-to-left | bidirectional |
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Publications
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Evidence for a ferredoxin-dependent choline monooxygenase from spinach chloroplast stroma.
Brouquisse R., Weigel P., Rhodes D., Yocum C.F., Hanson A.D.
Chenopods synthesize betaine in the chloroplast via a two-step oxidation of choline: choline --> betaine aldehyde --> betaine. Our previous experiments with intact chloroplasts, and in vivo(18)O(2) labeling studies, led us to propose that the first step is mediated by a monooxygenase which uses ph ... >> More
Chenopods synthesize betaine in the chloroplast via a two-step oxidation of choline: choline --> betaine aldehyde --> betaine. Our previous experiments with intact chloroplasts, and in vivo(18)O(2) labeling studies, led us to propose that the first step is mediated by a monooxygenase which uses photosynthetically generated reducing power (C Lerma, AD Hanson, D Rhodes [1988] Plant Physiol 88: 695-702). Here, we report the detection of such an activity in vitro. In the presence of O(2) and reduced ferredoxin, the stromal fraction from spinach (Spinacia oleracea) chloroplasts converted choline to betaine aldehyde at rates similar to those in intact chloroplasts (20-50 nanomoles per hour per milligram protein). Incorporation of (18)O from (18)O(2) by the in vitro reaction was demonstrated by fast atom bombardment mass spectrometry. Ferredoxin could be reduced either with thylakoids in the light, or with NADPH plus ferredoxin-NADP reductase in darkness; NADPH alone could not substitute for ferredoxin. No choline-oxidizing activity was detected in the stromal fraction of pea (Pisum sativum L.), a species that does not accumulate betaine. The spinach choline-oxidizing enzyme was stimulated by 10 millimolar Mg(2+), had a pH optimum close to 8, and was insensitive to carbon monoxide. The specific activity was increased threefold in plants growing in 200 millimolar NaCl. Gel filtration experiments gave a molecular weight of 98 kilodaltons for the choline-oxidizing enzyme, and provided no evidence for other electron carriers which might mediate the reduction of the 98-kilodalton enzyme by ferredoxin. << Less