Reaction participants Show >> << Hide
- Name help_outline ent-copalyl diphosphate Identifier CHEBI:58553 Charge -3 Formula C20H33O7P2 InChIKeyhelp_outline JCAIWDXKLCEQEO-PGHZQYBFSA-K SMILEShelp_outline [C@@H]1(CC/C(/C)=C/COP(OP(=O)([O-])[O-])(=O)[O-])C(=C)CC[C@]2([C@@]1(C)CCCC2(C)C)[H] 2D coordinates Mol file for the small molecule Search links Involved in 12 reaction(s) Find molecules that contain or resemble this structure Find proteins in UniProtKB for this molecule
- Name help_outline diphosphate Identifier CHEBI:33019 (Beilstein: 185088) help_outline Charge -3 Formula HO7P2 InChIKeyhelp_outline XPPKVPWEQAFLFU-UHFFFAOYSA-K SMILEShelp_outline OP([O-])(=O)OP([O-])([O-])=O 2D coordinates Mol file for the small molecule Search links Involved in 1,085 reaction(s) Find molecules that contain or resemble this structure Find proteins in UniProtKB for this molecule
- Name help_outline ent-isokaurene Identifier CHEBI:50783 (Beilstein: 2050695) help_outline Charge 0 Formula C20H32 InChIKeyhelp_outline DQUHDYWUEKWRLN-HPUSYDDDSA-N SMILEShelp_outline [H][C@]12CC[C@@]34C[C@@H](CC[C@@]3([H])[C@]1(C)CCCC2(C)C)C(C)=C4 2D coordinates Mol file for the small molecule Search links Involved in 3 reaction(s) Find molecules that contain or resemble this structure Find proteins in UniProtKB for this molecule
Cross-references
RHEA:25759 | RHEA:25760 | RHEA:25761 | RHEA:25762 | |
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Reaction direction help_outline | undefined | left-to-right | right-to-left | bidirectional |
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Publications
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Functional characterization of the rice kaurene synthase-like gene family.
Xu M., Wilderman P.R., Morrone D., Xu J., Roy A., Margis-Pinheiro M., Upadhyaya N.M., Coates R.M., Peters R.J.
The rice (Oryza sativa) genome contains a family of kaurene synthase-like genes (OsKSL) presumably involved in diterpenoid biosynthesis. While a number of OsKSL enzymes have been functionally characterized, several have not been previously investigated, and the gene family has not been broadly ana ... >> More
The rice (Oryza sativa) genome contains a family of kaurene synthase-like genes (OsKSL) presumably involved in diterpenoid biosynthesis. While a number of OsKSL enzymes have been functionally characterized, several have not been previously investigated, and the gene family has not been broadly analyzed. Here we report cloning of several OsKSL genes and functional characterization of the encoded enzymes. In particular, we have verified the expected production of ent-kaur-16-ene by the gibberellin phytohormone biosynthesis associated OsKS1 and demonstrated that OsKSL3 is a pseudo-gene, while OsKSL5 and OsKSL6 produce ent-(iso)kaur-15-ene. Similar to previous reports, we found that our sub-species variant of OsKSL7 produces ent-cassa-12,15-diene, OsKSL10 produces ent-(sandaraco)pimar-8(14),15-diene, and OsKSL8 largely syn-stemar-13-ene, although we also identified syn-stemod-12-ene as an alternative product formed in approximately 20% of the reactions catalyzed by OsKSL8. Along with our previous reports identifying OsKSL4 as a syn-pimara-7,15-diene synthase and OsKSL11 as a syn-stemod-13(17)-ene synthase, this essentially completes biochemical characterization of the OsKSL gene family, enabling broader analyses. For example, because several OsKSL enzymes are involved in phytoalexin biosynthesis and their gene transcription is inducible, promoter analysis was used to identify a pair of specifically conserved motifs that may be involved in transcriptional up-regulation during the rice plant defense response. Also examined is the continuing process of gene evolution in the OsKSL gene family, which is particularly interesting in the context of very recently reported data indicating that a japonica sub-species variant of OsKSL5 produces ent-pimara-8(14),15-diene, rather than the ent-(iso)kaur-15-ene produced by the indica sub-species variant analyzed here. << Less
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Following evolution's lead to a single residue switch for diterpene synthase product outcome.
Xu M., Wilderman P.R., Peters R.J.
There have been few insights into the biochemical origins of natural product biosynthesis from primary metabolism. Of particular interest are terpene synthases, which often mediate the committed step in particular biosynthetic pathways so that alteration of their product outcome is a key step in t ... >> More
There have been few insights into the biochemical origins of natural product biosynthesis from primary metabolism. Of particular interest are terpene synthases, which often mediate the committed step in particular biosynthetic pathways so that alteration of their product outcome is a key step in the derivation of novel natural products. These enzymes also catalyze complex reactions of significant mechanistic interest. Following an evolutionary lead from two recently diverged, functionally distinct diterpene synthase orthologs from different subspecies of rice, we have identified a single residue that can switch product outcome. Specifically, the mutation of a conserved isoleucine to threonine that acts to convert not only the originally targeted isokaurene synthase into a specific pimaradiene synthase but also has a much broader effect, which includes conversion of the ent-kaurene synthases found in all higher plants for gibberellin phytohormone biosynthesis to the production of pimaradiene. This surprisingly facile switch for diterpene synthase catalytic specificity indicates the ease with which primary (gibberellin) metabolism can be subverted to secondary biosynthesis and may underlie the widespread occurrence of pimaradiene-derived natural products. In addition, because this isoleucine is required for the mechanistically more complex cyclization to tetracyclic kaurene, whereas substitution with threonine "short-circuits" this mechanism to produce the "simpler" tricyclic pimaradiene, our results have some implications regarding the means by which terpene synthases specify product outcome. << Less
Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 104:7397-7401(2007) [PubMed] [EuropePMC]