Enzymes
| UniProtKB help_outline | 4 proteins |
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- Name help_outline (R)-carnitine Identifier CHEBI:16347 (Beilstein: 5732837,4292315; CAS: 541-15-1) help_outline Charge 0 Formula C7H15NO3 InChIKeyhelp_outline PHIQHXFUZVPYII-ZCFIWIBFSA-N SMILEShelp_outline C[N+](C)(C)C[C@H](O)CC([O-])=O 2D coordinates Mol file for the small molecule Search links Involved in 47 reaction(s) Find molecules that contain or resemble this structure Find proteins in UniProtKB for this molecule
- Name help_outline 3-hydroxybutanoyl-CoA Identifier CHEBI:78611 Charge -4 Formula C25H38N7O18P3S InChIKeyhelp_outline QHHKKMYHDBRONY-RMNRSTNRSA-J SMILEShelp_outline CC(O)CC(=O)SCCNC(=O)CCNC(=O)[C@H](O)C(C)(C)COP([O-])(=O)OP([O-])(=O)OC[C@H]1O[C@H]([C@H](O)[C@@H]1OP([O-])([O-])=O)n1cnc2c(N)ncnc12 2D coordinates Mol file for the small molecule Search links Involved in 3 reaction(s) Find molecules that contain or resemble this structure Find proteins in UniProtKB for this molecule
- Name help_outline CoA Identifier CHEBI:57287 (Beilstein: 11604429) help_outline Charge -4 Formula C21H32N7O16P3S InChIKeyhelp_outline RGJOEKWQDUBAIZ-IBOSZNHHSA-J SMILEShelp_outline CC(C)(COP([O-])(=O)OP([O-])(=O)OC[C@H]1O[C@H]([C@H](O)[C@@H]1OP([O-])([O-])=O)n1cnc2c(N)ncnc12)[C@@H](O)C(=O)NCCC(=O)NCCS 2D coordinates Mol file for the small molecule Search links Involved in 1,468 reaction(s) Find molecules that contain or resemble this structure Find proteins in UniProtKB for this molecule
- Name help_outline O-3-hydroxybutanoyl-(R)-carnitine Identifier CHEBI:84842 Charge 0 Formula C11H21NO5 InChIKeyhelp_outline UEFRDQSMQXDWTO-YGPZHTELSA-N SMILEShelp_outline CC(O)CC(=O)O[C@H](CC([O-])=O)C[N+](C)(C)C 2D coordinates Mol file for the small molecule Search links Involved in 2 reaction(s) Find molecules that contain or resemble this structure Find proteins in UniProtKB for this molecule
Cross-references
| RHEA:45000 | RHEA:45001 | RHEA:45002 | RHEA:45003 | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Reaction direction help_outline | undefined | left-to-right | right-to-left | bidirectional |
| UniProtKB help_outline |
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Publications
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Substrate specificity of human carnitine acetyltransferase: Implications for fatty acid and branched-chain amino acid metabolism.
Violante S., Ijlst L., Ruiter J., Koster J., van Lenthe H., Duran M., de Almeida I.T., Wanders R.J., Houten S.M., Ventura F.V.
Carnitine acyltransferases catalyze the reversible conversion of acyl-CoAs into acylcarnitine esters. This family includes the mitochondrial enzymes carnitine palmitoyltransferase 2 (CPT2) and carnitine acetyltransferase (CrAT). CPT2 is part of the carnitine shuttle that is necessary to import fat ... >> More
Carnitine acyltransferases catalyze the reversible conversion of acyl-CoAs into acylcarnitine esters. This family includes the mitochondrial enzymes carnitine palmitoyltransferase 2 (CPT2) and carnitine acetyltransferase (CrAT). CPT2 is part of the carnitine shuttle that is necessary to import fatty acids into mitochondria and catalyzes the conversion of acylcarnitines into acyl-CoAs. In addition, when mitochondrial fatty acid β-oxidation is impaired, CPT2 is able to catalyze the reverse reaction and converts accumulating long- and medium-chain acyl-CoAs into acylcarnitines for export from the matrix to the cytosol. However, CPT2 is inactive with short-chain acyl-CoAs and intermediates of the branched-chain amino acid oxidation pathway (BCAAO). In order to explore the origin of short-chain and branched-chain acylcarnitines that may accumulate in various organic acidemias, we performed substrate specificity studies using purified recombinant human CrAT. Various saturated, unsaturated and branched-chain acyl-CoA esters were tested and the synthesized acylcarnitines were quantified by ESI-MS/MS. We show that CrAT converts short- and medium-chain acyl-CoAs (C2 to C10-CoA), whereas no activity was observed with long-chain species. Trans-2-enoyl-CoA intermediates were found to be poor substrates for this enzyme. Furthermore, CrAT turned out to be active towards some but not all the BCAAO intermediates tested and no activity was found with dicarboxylic acyl-CoA esters. This suggests the existence of another enzyme able to handle the acyl-CoAs that are not substrates for CrAT and CPT2, but for which the corresponding acylcarnitines are well recognized as diagnostic markers in inborn errors of metabolism. << Less
Biochim. Biophys. Acta 1832:773-779(2013) [PubMed] [EuropePMC]
This publication is cited by 12 other entries.