Publications

• Glycerophosphodiesterase GDE4 as a novel lysophospholipase D: a possible involvement in bioactive N-acylethanolamine biosynthesis.

  Tsuboi K., Okamoto Y., Rahman I.A., Uyama T., Inoue T., Tokumura A., Ueda N.

  Bioactive N-acylethanolamines include anti-inflammatory palmitoylethanolamide, anorexic oleoylethanolamide, and an endocannabinoid arachidonoylethanolamide (anandamide). In animal tissues, these molecules are biosynthesized from N-acylethanolamine phospholipids directly by phospholipase D-type enz ... >> More

  Bioactive N-acylethanolamines include anti-inflammatory palmitoylethanolamide, anorexic oleoylethanolamide, and an endocannabinoid arachidonoylethanolamide (anandamide). In animal tissues, these molecules are biosynthesized from N-acylethanolamine phospholipids directly by phospholipase D-type enzyme or through multi-step routes via N-acylethanolamine lysophospholipids. We previously found that mouse brain has a lysophospholipase D (lysoPLD) activity hydrolyzing N-acylethanolamine lysophospholipids to N-acylethanolamines and that this activity could be partially attributed to glycerophosphodiesterase (GDE) 1. In the present study, we examined catalytic properties of GDE4, another member of the GDE family. When overexpressed in HEK293 cells, murine GDE4 mostly resided in the membrane fraction. Purified GDE4 showed lysoPLD activity toward various lysophospholipids, including N-acylethanolamine lysophospholipids as well as lysophosphatidylethanolamine and lysophosphatidylcholine. When HEK293 cells were metabolically labeled with N-[(14)C]palmitoylethanolamine lysophospholipid, the transient expression of GDE4 increased the [(14)C]palmitoylethanolamide level, while the knockdown of endogenous GDE4 decreased this level. These results suggested that GDE4 functions as an N-acylethanolamine-generating lysoPLD in living cells. Moreover, the expression of GDE4 increased most species of lysophosphatidic acid (LPA), which can be produced from various lysophospholipids by the lysoPLD activity of GDE4. GDE4 mRNA was widely distributed among mouse tissues including brain, stomach, ileum, colon, and testis. In conclusion, GDE4 may act as a lysoPLD, which is involved in the generation of N-acylethanolamines and LPA. << Less

  Biochim. Biophys. Acta 1851:537-548(2015) [PubMed] [EuropePMC]

  This publication is cited by 10 other entries.

• Calcium-dependent generation of N-acylethanolamines and lysophosphatidic acids by glycerophosphodiesterase GDE7.

  Rahman I.A., Tsuboi K., Hussain Z., Yamashita R., Okamoto Y., Uyama T., Yamazaki N., Tanaka T., Tokumura A., Ueda N.

  N-Acylethanolamines form a class of lipid mediators and include an endocannabinoid arachidonoylethanolamide (anandamide), analgesic and anti-inflammatory palmitoylethanolamide, and appetite-suppressing oleoylethanolamide. In animal tissues, N-acylethanolamines are synthesized from N-acylated ethan ... >> More

  N-Acylethanolamines form a class of lipid mediators and include an endocannabinoid arachidonoylethanolamide (anandamide), analgesic and anti-inflammatory palmitoylethanolamide, and appetite-suppressing oleoylethanolamide. In animal tissues, N-acylethanolamines are synthesized from N-acylated ethanolamine phospholipids directly by N-acylphosphatidylethanolamine-hydrolyzing phospholipase D or through multi-step pathways via N-acylethanolamine lysophospholipids. We previously reported that glycerophosphodiesterase (GDE) 4, a member of the GDE family, has lysophospholipase D (lysoPLD) activity hydrolyzing N-acylethanolamine lysophospholipids to N-acylethanolamines. Recently, GDE7 was shown to have lysoPLD activity toward lysophosphatidylcholine to produce lysophosphatidic acid (LPA). Here, we examined the reactivity of GDE7 with N-acylethanolamine lysophospholipids as well as the requirement of divalent cations for its catalytic activity. When overexpressed in HEK293 cells, recombinant GDE7 proteins of human and mouse showed lysoPLD activity toward N-palmitoyl, N-oleoyl, and N-arachidonoyl-lysophosphatidylethanolamines and N-palmitoyl-lysoplasmenylethanolamine to generate their corresponding N-acylethanolamines and LPAs. However, GDE7 hardly hydrolyzed glycerophospho-N-palmitoylethanolamine. Overexpression of GDE7 in HEK293 cells increased endogenous levels of N-acylethanolamines and LPAs. Interestingly, GDE7 was stimulated by micromolar concentrations of Ca²⁺ but not by millimolar concentrations of Mg²⁺, while GDE4 was stimulated by Mg²⁺ but was insensitive to Ca²⁺. GDE7 was widely distributed in various tissues of humans and mice with the highest levels in their kidney tissues. These results suggested that GDE7 is a novel Ca²⁺-dependent lysoPLD, which is involved in the generation of both N-acylethanolamines and LPAs. << Less

  Biochim. Biophys. Acta 1861:1881-1892(2016) [PubMed] [EuropePMC]

  This publication is cited by 5 other entries.

• Anandamide biosynthesis catalyzed by the phosphodiesterase GDE1 and detection of glycerophospho-N-acyl ethanolamine precursors in mouse brain.

  Simon G.M., Cravatt B.F.

  Anandamide (AEA) is an endogenous ligand of cannabinoid receptors and a well characterized mediator of many physiological processes including inflammation, pain, and appetite. The biosynthetic pathway(s) for anandamide and its N-acyl ethanolamine (NAE) congeners remain enigmatic. Previously, we pr ... >> More

  Anandamide (AEA) is an endogenous ligand of cannabinoid receptors and a well characterized mediator of many physiological processes including inflammation, pain, and appetite. The biosynthetic pathway(s) for anandamide and its N-acyl ethanolamine (NAE) congeners remain enigmatic. Previously, we proposed an enzymatic route for producing NAEs that involves the double-O-deacylation of N-acyl phosphatidylethanolamines (NAPEs) by alpha/beta-hydrolase 4 (ABDH4 or Abh4) to form glycerophospho (GP)-NAEs, followed by conversion of these intermediates to NAEs by an unidentified phosphodiesterase. Here, we report the detection and measurement of GP-NAEs, including the anandamide precursor glycerophospho-N-arachidonoylethanolamine (GP-NArE), as endogenous constituents of mouse brain tissue. Inhibition of the phosphodiesterase-mediated degradation of GP-NAEs ex vivo resulted in a striking accumulation of these lipids in brain extracts, suggesting a rapid endogenous flux through this pathway. Furthermore, we identify the glycerophosphodiesterase GDE1, also known as MIR16, as a broadly expressed membrane enzyme with robust GP-NAE phosphodiesterase activity. Together, these data provide evidence for a multistep pathway for the production of anandamide in the nervous system by the sequential actions of Abh4 and GDE1. << Less

  J. Biol. Chem. 283:9341-9349(2008) [PubMed] [EuropePMC]

  This publication is cited by 4 other entries.