Publications

• Glycerophosphodiesterase GDE4 as a novel lysophospholipase D: a possible involvement in bioactive N-acylethanolamine biosynthesis.

  Tsuboi K., Okamoto Y., Rahman I.A., Uyama T., Inoue T., Tokumura A., Ueda N.

  Bioactive N-acylethanolamines include anti-inflammatory palmitoylethanolamide, anorexic oleoylethanolamide, and an endocannabinoid arachidonoylethanolamide (anandamide). In animal tissues, these molecules are biosynthesized from N-acylethanolamine phospholipids directly by phospholipase D-type enz ... >> More

  Bioactive N-acylethanolamines include anti-inflammatory palmitoylethanolamide, anorexic oleoylethanolamide, and an endocannabinoid arachidonoylethanolamide (anandamide). In animal tissues, these molecules are biosynthesized from N-acylethanolamine phospholipids directly by phospholipase D-type enzyme or through multi-step routes via N-acylethanolamine lysophospholipids. We previously found that mouse brain has a lysophospholipase D (lysoPLD) activity hydrolyzing N-acylethanolamine lysophospholipids to N-acylethanolamines and that this activity could be partially attributed to glycerophosphodiesterase (GDE) 1. In the present study, we examined catalytic properties of GDE4, another member of the GDE family. When overexpressed in HEK293 cells, murine GDE4 mostly resided in the membrane fraction. Purified GDE4 showed lysoPLD activity toward various lysophospholipids, including N-acylethanolamine lysophospholipids as well as lysophosphatidylethanolamine and lysophosphatidylcholine. When HEK293 cells were metabolically labeled with N-[(14)C]palmitoylethanolamine lysophospholipid, the transient expression of GDE4 increased the [(14)C]palmitoylethanolamide level, while the knockdown of endogenous GDE4 decreased this level. These results suggested that GDE4 functions as an N-acylethanolamine-generating lysoPLD in living cells. Moreover, the expression of GDE4 increased most species of lysophosphatidic acid (LPA), which can be produced from various lysophospholipids by the lysoPLD activity of GDE4. GDE4 mRNA was widely distributed among mouse tissues including brain, stomach, ileum, colon, and testis. In conclusion, GDE4 may act as a lysoPLD, which is involved in the generation of N-acylethanolamines and LPA. << Less

  Biochim. Biophys. Acta 1851:537-548(2015) [PubMed] [EuropePMC]

  This publication is cited by 10 other entries.

• Calcium-dependent generation of N-acylethanolamines and lysophosphatidic acids by glycerophosphodiesterase GDE7.

  Rahman I.A., Tsuboi K., Hussain Z., Yamashita R., Okamoto Y., Uyama T., Yamazaki N., Tanaka T., Tokumura A., Ueda N.

  N-Acylethanolamines form a class of lipid mediators and include an endocannabinoid arachidonoylethanolamide (anandamide), analgesic and anti-inflammatory palmitoylethanolamide, and appetite-suppressing oleoylethanolamide. In animal tissues, N-acylethanolamines are synthesized from N-acylated ethan ... >> More

  N-Acylethanolamines form a class of lipid mediators and include an endocannabinoid arachidonoylethanolamide (anandamide), analgesic and anti-inflammatory palmitoylethanolamide, and appetite-suppressing oleoylethanolamide. In animal tissues, N-acylethanolamines are synthesized from N-acylated ethanolamine phospholipids directly by N-acylphosphatidylethanolamine-hydrolyzing phospholipase D or through multi-step pathways via N-acylethanolamine lysophospholipids. We previously reported that glycerophosphodiesterase (GDE) 4, a member of the GDE family, has lysophospholipase D (lysoPLD) activity hydrolyzing N-acylethanolamine lysophospholipids to N-acylethanolamines. Recently, GDE7 was shown to have lysoPLD activity toward lysophosphatidylcholine to produce lysophosphatidic acid (LPA). Here, we examined the reactivity of GDE7 with N-acylethanolamine lysophospholipids as well as the requirement of divalent cations for its catalytic activity. When overexpressed in HEK293 cells, recombinant GDE7 proteins of human and mouse showed lysoPLD activity toward N-palmitoyl, N-oleoyl, and N-arachidonoyl-lysophosphatidylethanolamines and N-palmitoyl-lysoplasmenylethanolamine to generate their corresponding N-acylethanolamines and LPAs. However, GDE7 hardly hydrolyzed glycerophospho-N-palmitoylethanolamine. Overexpression of GDE7 in HEK293 cells increased endogenous levels of N-acylethanolamines and LPAs. Interestingly, GDE7 was stimulated by micromolar concentrations of Ca²⁺ but not by millimolar concentrations of Mg²⁺, while GDE4 was stimulated by Mg²⁺ but was insensitive to Ca²⁺. GDE7 was widely distributed in various tissues of humans and mice with the highest levels in their kidney tissues. These results suggested that GDE7 is a novel Ca²⁺-dependent lysoPLD, which is involved in the generation of both N-acylethanolamines and LPAs. << Less

  Biochim. Biophys. Acta 1861:1881-1892(2016) [PubMed] [EuropePMC]

  This publication is cited by 5 other entries.

• Enzymatic formation of N-acylethanolamines from N-acylethanolamine plasmalogen through N-acylphosphatidylethanolamine-hydrolyzing phospholipase D-dependent and -independent pathways.

  Tsuboi K., Okamoto Y., Ikematsu N., Inoue M., Shimizu Y., Uyama T., Wang J., Deutsch D.G., Burns M.P., Ulloa N.M., Tokumura A., Ueda N.

  Bioactive N-acylethanolamines include anandamide (an endocannabinoid), N-palmitoylethanolamine (an anti-inflammatory), and N-oleoylethanolamine (an anorexic). In the brain, these molecules are formed from N-acylphosphatidylethanolamines (NAPEs) by a specific phospholipase D, called NAPE-PLD, or th ... >> More

  Bioactive N-acylethanolamines include anandamide (an endocannabinoid), N-palmitoylethanolamine (an anti-inflammatory), and N-oleoylethanolamine (an anorexic). In the brain, these molecules are formed from N-acylphosphatidylethanolamines (NAPEs) by a specific phospholipase D, called NAPE-PLD, or through NAPE-PLD-independent multi-step pathways, as illustrated in the current study employing NAPE-PLD-deficient mice. Although N-acylethanolamine plasmalogen (1-alkenyl-2-acyl-glycero-3-phospho(N-acyl)ethanolamine, pNAPE) is presumably a major class of N-acylethanolamine phospholipids in the brain, its enzymatic conversion to N-acylethanolamines is poorly understood. In the present study, we focused on the formation of N-acylethanolamines from pNAPEs. While recombinant NAPE-PLD catalyzed direct release of N-palmitoylethanolamine from N-palmitoylethanolamine plasmalogen, the same reaction occurred in the brain homogenate of NAPE-PLD-deficient mice, suggesting that this reaction occurs through both the NAPE-PLD-dependent and -independent pathways. Liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry revealed a remarkable accumulation of 1-alkenyl-2-hydroxy-glycero-3-phospho(N-acyl)ethanolamines (lyso pNAPEs) in the brain of NAPE-PLD-deficient mice. We also found that brain homogenate formed N-palmitoylethanolamine, N-oleoylethanolamine, and anandamide from their corresponding lyso pNAPEs by a Mg(2+)-dependent "lysophospholipase D". Moreover, the brain levels of alkenyl-type lysophosphatidic acids, the other products from lyso pNAPEs by lysophospholipase D, also increased in NAPE-PLD-deficient mice. Glycerophosphodiesterase GDE1 can hydrolyze glycerophospho-N-acylethanolamines to N-acylethanolamines in the brain. In addition, we discovered that recombinant GDE1 has a weak activity to generate N-palmitoylethanolamine from its corresponding lyso pNAPE, suggesting that this enzyme is at least in part responsible for the lysophospholipase D activity. These results strongly suggest that brain tissue N-acylethanolamines, including anandamide, can be formed from N-acylated plasmalogen through an NAPE-PLD-independent pathway as well as by their direct release via NAPE-PLD. << Less

  Biochim. Biophys. Acta 1811:565-577(2011) [PubMed] [EuropePMC]

  This publication is cited by 1 other entry.