Reaction participants Show >> << Hide
- Name help_outline 3-hydroxybenzyl alcohol Identifier CHEBI:17069 (CAS: 620-24-6) help_outline Charge 0 Formula C7H8O2 InChIKeyhelp_outline OKVJCVWFVRATSG-UHFFFAOYSA-N SMILEShelp_outline OCc1cccc(O)c1 2D coordinates Mol file for the small molecule Search links Involved in 5 reaction(s) Find molecules that contain or resemble this structure Find proteins in UniProtKB for this molecule
- Name help_outline O2 Identifier CHEBI:15379 (CAS: 7782-44-7) help_outline Charge 0 Formula O2 InChIKeyhelp_outline MYMOFIZGZYHOMD-UHFFFAOYSA-N SMILEShelp_outline O=O 2D coordinates Mol file for the small molecule Search links Involved in 2,648 reaction(s) Find molecules that contain or resemble this structure Find proteins in UniProtKB for this molecule
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Namehelp_outline
reduced [NADPH—hemoprotein reductase]
Identifier
RHEA-COMP:11964
Reactive part
help_outline
- Name help_outline FMNH2 Identifier CHEBI:57618 (Beilstein: 6258176) help_outline Charge -2 Formula C17H21N4O9P InChIKeyhelp_outline YTNIXZGTHTVJBW-SCRDCRAPSA-L SMILEShelp_outline Cc1cc2Nc3c([nH]c(=O)[nH]c3=O)N(C[C@H](O)[C@H](O)[C@H](O)COP([O-])([O-])=O)c2cc1C 2D coordinates Mol file for the small molecule Search links Involved in 771 reaction(s) Find molecules that contain or resemble this structure Find proteins in UniProtKB for this molecule
- Name help_outline gentisyl alcohol Identifier CHEBI:5325 (CAS: 495-08-9) help_outline Charge 0 Formula C7H8O3 InChIKeyhelp_outline PUZSUVGRVHEUQO-UHFFFAOYSA-N SMILEShelp_outline C=1(C=C(C(=CC1)O)CO)O 2D coordinates Mol file for the small molecule Search links Involved in 1 reaction(s) Find molecules that contain or resemble this structure Find proteins in UniProtKB for this molecule
- Name help_outline H+ Identifier CHEBI:15378 Charge 1 Formula H InChIKeyhelp_outline GPRLSGONYQIRFK-UHFFFAOYSA-N SMILEShelp_outline [H+] 2D coordinates Mol file for the small molecule Search links Involved in 9,176 reaction(s) Find molecules that contain or resemble this structure Find proteins in UniProtKB for this molecule
- Name help_outline H2O Identifier CHEBI:15377 (Beilstein: 3587155; CAS: 7732-18-5) help_outline Charge 0 Formula H2O InChIKeyhelp_outline XLYOFNOQVPJJNP-UHFFFAOYSA-N SMILEShelp_outline [H]O[H] 2D coordinates Mol file for the small molecule Search links Involved in 6,048 reaction(s) Find molecules that contain or resemble this structure Find proteins in UniProtKB for this molecule
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Namehelp_outline
oxidized [NADPH—hemoprotein reductase]
Identifier
RHEA-COMP:11965
Reactive part
help_outline
- Name help_outline FMN Identifier CHEBI:58210 Charge -3 Formula C17H18N4O9P InChIKeyhelp_outline ANKZYBDXHMZBDK-SCRDCRAPSA-K SMILEShelp_outline C12=NC([N-]C(C1=NC=3C(N2C[C@@H]([C@@H]([C@@H](COP(=O)([O-])[O-])O)O)O)=CC(=C(C3)C)C)=O)=O 2D coordinates Mol file for the small molecule Search links Involved in 781 reaction(s) Find molecules that contain or resemble this structure Find proteins in UniProtKB for this molecule
Cross-references
| RHEA:62212 | RHEA:62213 | RHEA:62214 | RHEA:62215 | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Reaction direction help_outline | undefined | left-to-right | right-to-left | bidirectional |
| UniProtKB help_outline |
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| MetaCyc help_outline |
Publications
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Dissection of patulin biosynthesis, spatial control and regulation mechanism in Penicillium expansum.
Li B., Chen Y., Zong Y., Shang Y., Zhang Z., Xu X., Wang X., Long M., Tian S.
The patulin biosynthesis is one of model pathways in an understanding of secondary metabolite biology and network novelties in fungi. However, molecular regulation mechanism of patulin biosynthesis and contribution of each gene related to the different catalytic enzymes in the biochemical steps of ... >> More
The patulin biosynthesis is one of model pathways in an understanding of secondary metabolite biology and network novelties in fungi. However, molecular regulation mechanism of patulin biosynthesis and contribution of each gene related to the different catalytic enzymes in the biochemical steps of the pathway remain largely unknown in fungi. In this study, the genetic components of patulin biosynthetic pathway were systematically dissected in Penicillium expansum, which is an important fungal pathogen and patulin producer in harvested fruits and vegetables. Our results revealed that all the 15 genes in the cluster are involved in patulin biosynthesis. Proteins encoded by those genes are compartmentalized in various subcellular locations, including cytosol, nucleus, vacuole, endoplasmic reticulum, plasma membrane and cell wall. The subcellular localizations of some proteins, such as PatE and PatH, are required for the patulin production. Further, the functions of eight enzymes in the 10-step patulin biosynthetic pathway were verified in P. expansum. Moreover, velvet family proteins, VeA, VelB and VelC, were proved to be involved in the regulation of patulin biosynthesis, but not VosA. These findings provide a thorough understanding of the biosynthesis pathway, spatial control and regulation mechanism of patulin in fungi. << Less
Environ. Microbiol. 21:1124-1139(2019) [PubMed] [EuropePMC]
This publication is cited by 7 other entries.
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Molecular cloning and functional characterization of two CYP619 cytochrome P450s involved in biosynthesis of patulin in Aspergillus clavatus.
Artigot M.P., Loiseau N., Laffitte J., Mas-Reguieg L., Tadrist S., Oswald I.P., Puel O.
Patulin is an acetate-derived tetraketide mycotoxin produced by several fungal species, especially Aspergillus, Penicillium and Byssochlamys species. The health risks due to patulin consumption by humans have led many countries to regulate it in human food. Previous studies have shown the involvem ... >> More
Patulin is an acetate-derived tetraketide mycotoxin produced by several fungal species, especially Aspergillus, Penicillium and Byssochlamys species. The health risks due to patulin consumption by humans have led many countries to regulate it in human food. Previous studies have shown the involvement of cytochrome P450 monooxygenases in the hydroxylation of two precursors of patulin, m-cresol and m-hydroxybenzylalcohol. In the present study, two cytochrome P450 genes were identified in the genome sequence of Aspergillus clavatus, a patulin-producing species. Both mRNAs were strongly co-expressed during patulin production. CYP619C2, encoded by the first gene, consists of 529 aa, while the second cytochrome, CYP619C3, consists of 524 aa. The coding sequences were used to perform the heterologous expression of functional enzymes in Saccharomyces cerevisiae. The bioconversion assays showed that CYP619C3 catalysed the hydroxylation of m-cresol to yield m-hydroxybenzyl alcohol. CYP619C2 catalysed the hydroxylation of m-hydroxybenzyl alcohol and m-cresol to gentisyl alcohol and 2,5-dihydroxytoluene (toluquinol), respectively. Except for the last compound, all enzyme products are known precursors of patulin. Taken together, these data strongly suggest the involvement of CYP619C2 and CYP619C3 in the biosynthesis of patulin. CYP619C2 and CYP619C3 are located near to two other genes involved in patulin biosynthesis, namely the 6-methylsalicylic acid synthase (6msas) and isoepoxydon dehydrogenase (idh) genes. The current data associated with an analysis of the sequence of A. clavatus suggest the presence of a cluster of 15 genes involved in patulin biosynthesis. << Less
Microbiology 155:1738-1747(2009) [PubMed] [EuropePMC]
This publication is cited by 1 other entry.